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consts #

Constants

This module provides a collection of physical constants in the MKSA system.

The constants are defined in the module files themselves, and are not imported by default.

Usage

import vsl.consts

println(consts.mksa_speed_of_light)

Fundamental Constants

consts.mksa_speed_of_light

The speed of light in vacuum.

consts.mksa_vacuum_permeability

The permeability of free space, μ_0. This constant is defined in the MKSA system only.

consts.mksa_vacuum_permittivity

The permittivity of free space, \epsilon_0. This constant is defined in the MKSA system only.

consts.mksa_plancks_constant_h

Planck's constant, h.

consts.mksa_plancks_constant_hbar

Planck's constant divided by 2\pi, \hbar.

consts.num_avogadro

Avogadro's number, N_a.

consts.mksa_faraday

The molar charge of 1 Faraday.

consts.mksa_boltzmann

The Boltzmann constant, k.

consts.mksa_molar_gas

The molar gas constant, R_0.

consts.mksa_standard_gas_volume

The standard gas volume, V_0.

consts.mksa_stefan_boltzmann_constant

The Stefan-Boltzmann radiation constant, \sigma.

consts.mksa_gauss

The magnetic field of 1 Gauss.

Astronomy and Astrophysics

consts.mksa_astronomical_unit

The length of 1 astronomical unit (mean earth-sun distance), au.

consts.mksa_gravitational_constant

The gravitational constant, G.

consts.mksa_light_year

The distance of 1 light-year, ly.

consts.mksa_parsec

The distance of 1 parsec, pc.

consts.mksa_grav_accel

The standard gravitational acceleration on Earth, g.

consts.mksa_solar_mass

The mass of the Sun.

Atomic and Nuclear Physics

consts.mksa_electron_charge

The charge of the electron, e.

consts.mksa_electron_volt

The energy of 1 electron volt, eV.

consts.mksa_unified_atomic_mass

The unified atomic mass, amu.

consts.mksa_mass_electron

The mass of the electron, m_e.

consts.mksa_mass_muon

The mass of the muon, m_μ.

consts.mksa_mass_proton

The mass of the proton, m_p.

consts.mksa_mass_neutron

The mass of the neutron, m_n.

consts.num_fine_structure

The electromagnetic fine structure constant \alpha.

consts.mksa_rydberg

The Rydberg constant, Ry, in units of energy. This is related to the Rydberg inverse wavelength R_\infty by Ry = h c R_\infty.

consts.mksa_bohr_radius

The Bohr radius, a_0.

consts.mksa_angstrom

The length of 1 angstrom.

consts.mksa_barn

The area of 1 barn.

consts.mksa_bohr_magneton

The Bohr Magneton, μ_B.

consts.mksa_nuclear_magneton

The Nuclear Magneton, μ_N.

consts.mksa_electron_magnetic_moment

The absolute value of the magnetic moment of the electron, μ_e. The physical magnetic moment of the electron is negative.

consts.mksa_proton_magnetic_moment

The magnetic moment of the proton, μ_p.

consts.mksa_thomson_cross_section

The Thomson cross section, \sigma_T.

consts.mksa_debye

The electric dipole moment of 1 Debye, D.

Measurement of Time

consts.mksa_minute

The number of seconds in 1 minute.

consts.mksa_hour

The number of seconds in 1 hour.

consts.mksa_day

The number of seconds in 1 day.

consts.mksa_week

The number of seconds in 1 week.

Imperial Units

consts.mksa_inch

The length of 1 inch.

consts.mksa_foot

The length of 1 foot.

consts.mksa_yard

The length of 1 yard.

consts.mksa_mile

The length of 1 mile.

consts.mksa_mil

The length of 1 mil (1/1000th of an inch).

Speed and Nautical Units

consts.mksa_kilometers_per_hour

The speed of 1 kilometer per hour.

consts.mksa_miles_per_hour

The speed of 1 mile per hour.

consts.mksa_nautical_mile

The length of 1 nautical mile.

consts.mksa_fathom

The length of 1 fathom.

consts.mksa_knot

The speed of 1 knot.

Printers Units

consts.mksa_point

The length of 1 printer's point (1/72 inch).

consts.mksa_texpoint

The length of 1 TeX point (1/72.27 inch).

Volume, Area and Length

consts.mksa_micron

The length of 1 micron.

consts.mksa_hectare

The area of 1 hectare.

consts.mksa_acre

The area of 1 acre.

consts.mksa_liter

The volume of 1 liter.

consts.mksa_us_gallon

The volume of 1 US gallon.

consts.mksa_canadian_gallon

The volume of 1 Canadian gallon.

consts.mksa_uk_gallon

The volume of 1 UK gallon.

consts.mksa_quart

The volume of 1 quart.

consts.mksa_pint

The volume of 1 pint.

Mass and Weight

consts.mksa_pound_mass

The mass of 1 pound.

consts.mksa_ounce_mass

The mass of 1 ounce.

consts.mksa_ton

The mass of 1 ton.

consts.mksa_metric_ton

The mass of 1 metric ton (1000 kg).

consts.mksa_uk_ton

The mass of 1 UK ton.

consts.mksa_troy_ounce

The mass of 1 troy ounce.

consts.mksa_carat

The mass of 1 carat.

consts.mksa_gram_force

The force of 1 gram weight.

consts.mksa_pound_force

The force of 1 pound weight.

consts.mksa_kilopound_force

The force of 1 kilopound weight.

consts.mksa_poundal

The force of 1 poundal.

Thermal Energy and Power

consts.mksa_calorie

The energy of 1 calorie.

consts.mksa_btu

The energy of 1 British Thermal Unit, btu.

consts.mksa_therm

The energy of 1 Therm.

consts.mksa_horsepower

The power of 1 horsepower.

Pressure

consts.mksa_bar

The pressure of 1 bar.

consts.mksa_std_atmosphere

The pressure of 1 standard atmosphere.

consts.mksa_torr

The pressure of 1 torr.

consts.mksa_meter_of_mercury

The pressure of 1 meter of mercury.

consts.mksa_inch_of_mercury

The pressure of 1 inch of mercury.

consts.mksa_inch_of_water

The pressure of 1 inch of water.

consts.mksa_psi

The pressure of 1 pound per square inch.

Viscosity

consts.mksa_poise

The dynamic viscosity of 1 poise.

consts.mksa_stokes

The kinematic viscosity of 1 stokes.

Light and Illumination

consts.mksa_stilb

The luminance of 1 stilb.

consts.mksa_lumen

The luminous flux of 1 lumen.

consts.mksa_lux

The illuminance of 1 lux.

consts.mksa_phot

The illuminance of 1 phot.

consts.mksa_footcandle

The illuminance of 1 footcandle.

consts.mksa_lambert

The luminance of 1 lambert.

consts.mksa_footlambert

The luminance of 1 footlambert.

Radioactivity

consts.mksa_curie

The activity of 1 curie.

consts.mksa_roentgen

The exposure of 1 roentgen.

consts.mksa_rad

The absorbed dose of 1 rad.

Force and Energy

consts.mksa_newton

The SI unit of force, 1 Newton.

consts.mksa_dyne

The force of 1 Dyne = 10^{-5} Newton.

consts.mksa_joule

The SI unit of energy, 1 Joule.

consts.mksa_erg

The energy 1 erg = 10^{-7} Joule.

Prefixes

These constants are dimensionless scaling factors.

consts.num_yotta

10^{24}

consts.num_zetta

10^{21}

consts.num_exa

10^{18}

consts.num_peta

10^{15}

consts.num_tera

10^{12}

consts.num_giga

10^9

consts.num_mega

10^6

consts.num_kilo

10^3

consts.num_milli

10^{-3}

consts.num_micro

10^{-6}

consts.num_vsl_nano

10^{-9}

consts.num_pico

10^{-12}

consts.num_femto

10^{-15}

consts.num_atto

10^{-18}

consts.num_zepto

10^{-21}

consts.num_yocto

10^{-24}

Examples

The following program demonstrates the use of the physical constants in a calculation. In this case, the goal is to calculate the range of light-travel times from Earth to Mars.

The required data is the average distance of each planet from the Sun in astronomical units (the eccentricities and inclinations of the orbits will be neglected for the purposes of this calculation). The average radius of the orbit of Mars is 1.52 astronomical units, and for the orbit of Earth it is 1 astronomical unit (by definition). These values are combined with the MKSA values of the constants for the speed of light and the length of an astronomical unit to produce a result for the shortest and longest light-travel times in seconds. The figures are converted into minutes before being displayed.

module main

import vsl.consts

c := consts.mksa_speed_of_light
au := consts.mksa_astronomical_unit
minutes := consts.mksa_minute // distance stored in meters
r_earth := 1.0 * au
r_mars := 1.52 * au
t_min := (r_mars - r_earth) / c
t_max := (r_mars + r_earth) / c
min := t_min / minutes
max := t_max / minutes
println('light travel time from Earth to Mars:')
println('minimum = ${min} minutes')
println('maximum = ${max} minutes')

will print

light travel time from Earth to Mars:
minimum = 4.3 minutes
maximum = 21.0 minutes

References and Further Reading

The authoritative sources for physical constants are the 2006 CODATA recommended values, published in the article below. Further information on the values of physical constants is also available from the NIST website.

  • P.J. Mohr, B.N. Taylor, D.B. Newell, "CODATA RecommendedValues of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2006", Reviews of Modern Physics, 80(2), pp. 633--730 (2008).

Constants #

const num_yocto = 1e-24 // 1
const num_zepto = 1e-21 // 1
const num_atto = 1e-18 // 1
const num_femto = 1e-15 // 1
const num_pico = 1e-12 // 1
const num_cml_nano = 1e-9 // 1
const num_micro = 1e-6 // 1
const num_milli = 1e-3 // 1
const num_kilo = 1e+3 // 1
const num_mega = 1e+6 // 1
const num_giga = 1e+9 // 1
const num_tera = 1e+12 // 1
const num_peta = 1e+15 // 1
const num_exa = 1e+18 // 1
const num_zetta = 1e+21 // 1
const num_yotta = 1e+24 // 1
const num_avogadro = 6.02214199e+23 // 1 / mol
const num_fine_structure = 7.297352533e-3 // 1
const mks_gauss = 1e-4 // kg / a s^2
const mks_debye = 3.33564095198e-30 // a s^2 / m^2
const mks_vacuum_permeability = 1.25663706144e-6 // kg m / a^2 s^2
const mks_vacuum_permittivity = 8.854187817e-12 // a^2 s^4 / kg m^3
const mks_electron_charge = 1.602176487e-19 // a s
const mks_faraday = 9.64853429775e+4 // a s / mol
const mks_proton_magnetic_moment = 1.410606633e-26 // a m^2
const mks_electron_magnetic_moment = 9.28476362e-24 // a m^2
const mks_nuclear_magneton = 5.05078317e-27 // a m^2
const mks_bohr_magneton = 9.27400899e-24 // a m^2
const mks_thomson_cross_section = 6.65245893699e-29 // m^2
const mks_stefan_boltzmann_constant = 5.67040047374e-8 // kg / k^4 s^3
const mks_erg = 1e-7 // kg m^2 / s^2
const mks_joule = 1e+0 // kg m^2 / s^2
const mks_dyne = 1e-5 // kg m / s^2
const mks_newton = 1e+0 // kg m / s^2
const mks_bohr_radius = 5.291772083e-11 // m
const mks_solar_mass = 1.98892e+30 // kg
const mks_rad = 1e-2 // m^2 / s^2
const mks_roentgen = 2.58e-4 // a s / kg
const mks_curie = 3.7e+10 // 1 / s
const mks_footlambert = 1.07639104e+1 // cd sr / m^2
const mks_lambert = 1e+4 // cd sr / m^2
const mks_footcandle = 1.076e+1 // cd sr / m^2
const mks_phot = 1e+4 // cd sr / m^2
const mks_lux = 1e+0 // cd sr / m^2
const mks_lumen = 1e+0 // cd sr
const mks_stilb = 1e+4 // cd / m^2
const mks_stokes = 1e-4 // m^2 / s
const mks_poise = 1e-1 // kg m^-1 s^-1
const mks_psi = 6.89475729317e+3 // kg / m s^2
const mks_inch_of_water = 2.490889e+2 // kg / m s^2
const mks_inch_of_mercury = 3.38638815789e+3 // kg / m s^2
const mks_meter_of_mercury = 1.33322368421e+5 // kg / m s^2
const mks_torr = 1.33322368421e+2 // kg / m s^2
const mks_std_atmosphere = 1.01325e+5 // kg / m s^2
const mks_bar = 1e+5 // kg / m s^2
const mks_horsepower = 7.457e+2 // kg m^2 / s^3
const mks_therm = 1.05506e+8 // kg m^2 / s^2
const mks_btu = 1.05505585262e+3 // kg m^2 / s^2
const mks_calorie = 4.1868e+0 // kg m^2 / s^2
const mks_poundal = 1.38255e-1 // kg m / s^2
const mks_kilopound_force = 4.44822161526e+3 // kg m / s^2
const mks_pound_force = 4.44822161526e+0 // kg m / s^2
const mks_gram_force = 9.80665e-3 // kg m / s^2
const mks_unified_atomic_mass = 1.660538782e-27 // kg
const mks_carat = 2e-4 // kg
const mks_troy_ounce = 3.1103475e-2 // kg
const mks_uk_ton = 1.0160469088e+3 // kg
const mks_metric_ton = 1e+3 // kg
const mks_ton = 9.0718474e+2 // kg
const mks_ounce_mass = 2.8349523125e-2 // kg
const mks_pound_mass = 4.5359237e-1 // kg
const mks_knot = 5.14444444444e-1 // m / s
const mks_kilometers_per_hour = 2.77777777778e-1 // m / s
const mks_miles_per_hour = 4.4704e-1 // m / s
const mks_uk_gallon = 4.546092e-3 // m^3
const mks_canadian_gallon = 4.54609e-3 // m^3
const mks_teaspoon = 4.92892159375e-6 // m^3
const mks_tablespoon = 1.47867647813e-5 // m^3
const mks_fluid_ounce = 2.95735295626e-5 // m^3
const mks_cup = 2.36588236501e-4 // m^3
const mks_pint = 4.73176473002e-4 // m^3
const mks_quart = 9.46352946004e-4 // m^3
const mks_us_gallon = 3.78541178402e-3 // m^3
const mks_liter = 1e-3 // m^3
const mks_barn = 1e-28 // m^2
const mks_acre = 4.04685642241e+3 // m^2
const mks_hectare = 1e+4 // m^2
const mks_angstrom = 1e-10 // m
const mks_micron = 1e-6 // m
const mks_texpoint = 3.51459803515e-4 // m
const mks_point = 3.52777777778e-4 // m
const mks_mil = 2.54e-5 // m
const mks_fathom = 1.8288e+0 // m
const mks_nautical_mile = 1.852e+3 // m
const mks_mile = 1.609344e+3 // m
const mks_yard = 9.144e-1 // m
const mks_foot = 3.048e-1 // m
const mks_inch = 2.54e-2 // m
const mks_week = 6.048e+5 // s
const mks_day = 8.64e+4 // s
const mks_hour = 3.6e+3 // s
const mks_minute = 6e+1 // s
const mks_standard_gas_volume = 2.2710981e-2 // m^3 / mol
const mks_molar_gas = 8.314472e+0 // kg m^2 / k mol s^2
const mks_boltzmann = 1.3806504e-23 // kg m^2 / k s^2
const mks_rydberg = 2.17987196968e-18 // kg m^2 / s^2
const mks_mass_neutron = 1.67492716e-27 // kg
const mks_mass_proton = 1.67262158e-27 // kg
const mks_mass_muon = 1.88353109e-28 // kg
const mks_mass_electron = 9.10938188e-31 // kg
const mks_electron_volt = 1.602176487e-19 // kg m^2 / s^2
const mks_grav_accel = 9.80665e+0 // m / s^2
const mks_parsec = 3.08567758135e+16 // m
const mks_light_year = 9.46053620707e+15 // m
const mks_astronomical_unit = 1.49597870691e+11 // m
const mks_plancks_constant_hbar = 1.05457162825e-34 // kg m^2 / s
const mks_plancks_constant_h = 6.62606896e-34 // kg m^2 / s
const mks_gravitational_constant = 6.673e-11 // m^3 / kg s^2
const mks_speed_of_light = 2.99792458e+8 // m / s
const cgs_speed_of_light = 2.99792458e+10 // cm / s
const cgs_gravitational_constant = 6.673e-8 // cm^3 / g s^2
const cgs_plancks_constant_h = 6.62606896e-27 // g cm^2 / s
const cgs_plancks_constant_hbar = 1.05457162825e-27 // g cm^2 / s
const cgs_astronomical_unit = 1.49597870691e+13 // cm
const cgs_light_year = 9.46053620707e+17 // cm
const cgs_parsec = 3.08567758135e+18 // cm
const cgs_grav_accel = 9.80665e+2 // cm / s^2
const cgs_electron_volt = 1.602176487e-12 // g cm^2 / s^2
const cgs_mass_electron = 9.10938188e-28 // g
const cgs_mass_muon = 1.88353109e-25 // g
const cgs_mass_proton = 1.67262158e-24 // g
const cgs_mass_neutron = 1.67492716e-24 // g
const cgs_rydberg = 2.17987196968e-11 // g cm^2 / s^2
const cgs_boltzmann = 1.3806504e-16 // g cm^2 / k s^2
const cgs_molar_gas = 8.314472e+7 // g cm^2 / k mol s^2
const cgs_standard_gas_volume = 2.2710981e+4 // cm^3 / mol
const cgs_minute = 6e+1 // s
const cgs_hour = 3.6e+3 // s
const cgs_day = 8.64e+4 // s
const cgs_week = 6.048e+5 // s
const cgs_inch = 2.54e+0 // cm
const cgs_foot = 3.048e+1 // cm
const cgs_yard = 9.144e+1 // cm
const cgs_mile = 1.609344e+5 // cm
const cgs_nautical_mile = 1.852e+5 // cm
const cgs_fathom = 1.8288e+2 // cm
const cgs_mil = 2.54e-3 // cm
const cgs_point = 3.52777777778e-2 // cm
const cgs_texpoint = 3.51459803515e-2 // cm
const cgs_micron = 1e-4 // cm
const cgs_angstrom = 1e-8 // cm
const cgs_hectare = 1e+8 // cm^2
const cgs_acre = 4.04685642241e+7 // cm^2
const cgs_barn = 1e-24 // cm^2
const cgs_liter = 1e+3 // cm^3
const cgs_us_gallon = 3.78541178402e+3 // cm^3
const cgs_quart = 9.46352946004e+2 // cm^3
const cgs_pint = 4.73176473002e+2 // cm^3
const cgs_cup = 2.36588236501e+2 // cm^3
const cgs_fluid_ounce = 2.95735295626e+1 // cm^3
const cgs_tablespoon = 1.47867647813e+1 // cm^3
const cgs_teaspoon = 4.92892159375e+0 // cm^3
const cgs_canadian_gallon = 4.54609e+3 // cm^3
const cgs_uk_gallon = 4.546092e+3 // cm^3
const cgs_miles_per_hour = 4.4704e+1 // cm / s
const cgs_kilometers_per_hour = 2.77777777778e+1 // cm / s
const cgs_knot = 5.14444444444e+1 // cm / s
const cgs_pound_mass = 4.5359237e+2 // g
const cgs_ounce_mass = 2.8349523125e+1 // g
const cgs_ton = 9.0718474e+5 // g
const cgs_metric_ton = 1e+6 // g
const cgs_uk_ton = 1.0160469088e+6 // g
const cgs_troy_ounce = 3.1103475e+1 // g
const cgs_carat = 2e-1 // g
const cgs_unified_atomic_mass = 1.660538782e-24 // g
const cgs_gram_force = 9.80665e+2 // cm g / s^2
const cgs_pound_force = 4.44822161526e+5 // cm g / s^2
const cgs_kilopound_force = 4.44822161526e+8 // cm g / s^2
const cgs_poundal = 1.38255e+4 // cm g / s^2
const cgs_calorie = 4.1868e+7 // g cm^2 / s^2
const cgs_btu = 1.05505585262e+10 // g cm^2 / s^2
const cgs_therm = 1.05506e+15 // g cm^2 / s^2
const cgs_horsepower = 7.457e+9 // g cm^2 / s^3
const cgs_bar = 1e+6 // g / cm s^2
const cgs_std_atmosphere = 1.01325e+6 // g / cm s^2
const cgs_torr = 1.33322368421e+3 // g / cm s^2
const cgs_meter_of_mercury = 1.33322368421e+6 // g / cm s^2
const cgs_inch_of_mercury = 3.38638815789e+4 // g / cm s^2
const cgs_inch_of_water = 2.490889e+3 // g / cm s^2
const cgs_psi = 6.89475729317e+4 // g / cm s^2
const cgs_poise = 1e+0 // g / cm s
const cgs_stokes = 1e+0 // cm^2 / s
const cgs_stilb = 1e+0 // cd / cm^2
const cgs_lumen = 1e+0 // cd sr
const cgs_lux = 1e-4 // cd sr / cm^2
const cgs_phot = 1e+0 // cd sr / cm^2
const cgs_footcandle = 1.076e-3 // cd sr / cm^2
const cgs_lambert = 1e+0 // cd sr / cm^2
const cgs_footlambert = 1.07639104e-3 // cd sr / cm^2
const cgs_curie = 3.7e+10 // 1 / s
const cgs_roentgen = 2.58e-7 // a s / g
const cgs_rad = 1e+2 // cm^2 / s^2
const cgs_solar_mass = 1.98892e+33 // g
const cgs_bohr_radius = 5.291772083e-9 // cm
const cgs_newton = 1e+5 // cm g / s^2
const cgs_dyne = 1e+0 // cm g / s^2
const cgs_joule = 1e+7 // g cm^2 / s^2
const cgs_erg = 1e+0 // g cm^2 / s^2
const cgs_stefan_boltzmann_constant = 5.67040047374e-5 // g / k^4 s^3
const cgs_thomson_cross_section = 6.65245893699e-25 // cm^2
const cgsm_speed_of_light = 2.99792458e+10 // cm / s
const cgsm_gravitational_constant = 6.673e-8 // cm^3 / g s^2
const cgsm_plancks_constant_h = 6.62606896e-27 // g cm^2 / s
const cgsm_plancks_constant_hbar = 1.05457162825e-27 // g cm^2 / s
const cgsm_astronomical_unit = 1.49597870691e+13 // cm
const cgsm_light_year = 9.46053620707e+17 // cm
const cgsm_parsec = 3.08567758135e+18 // cm
const cgsm_grav_accel = 9.80665e+2 // cm / s^2
const cgsm_electron_volt = 1.602176487e-12 // g cm^2 / s^2
const cgsm_mass_electron = 9.10938188e-28 // g
const cgsm_mass_muon = 1.88353109e-25 // g
const cgsm_mass_proton = 1.67262158e-24 // g
const cgsm_mass_neutron = 1.67492716e-24 // g
const cgsm_rydberg = 2.17987196968e-11 // g cm^2 / s^2
const cgsm_boltzmann = 1.3806504e-16 // g cm^2 / k s^2
const cgsm_molar_gas = 8.314472e+7 // g cm^2 / k mol s^2
const cgsm_standard_gas_volume = 2.2710981e+4 // cm^3 / mol
const cgsm_minute = 6e+1 // s
const cgsm_hour = 3.6e+3 // s
const cgsm_day = 8.64e+4 // s
const cgsm_week = 6.048e+5 // s
const cgsm_inch = 2.54e+0 // cm
const cgsm_foot = 3.048e+1 // cm
const cgsm_yard = 9.144e+1 // cm
const cgsm_mile = 1.609344e+5 // cm
const cgsm_nautical_mile = 1.852e+5 // cm
const cgsm_fathom = 1.8288e+2 // cm
const cgsm_mil = 2.54e-3 // cm
const cgsm_point = 3.52777777778e-2 // cm
const cgsm_texpoint = 3.51459803515e-2 // cm
const cgsm_micron = 1e-4 // cm
const cgsm_angstrom = 1e-8 // cm
const cgsm_hectare = 1e+8 // cm^2
const cgsm_acre = 4.04685642241e+7 // cm^2
const cgsm_barn = 1e-24 // cm^2
const cgsm_liter = 1e+3 // cm^3
const cgsm_us_gallon = 3.78541178402e+3 // cm^3
const cgsm_quart = 9.46352946004e+2 // cm^3
const cgsm_pint = 4.73176473002e+2 // cm^3
const cgsm_cup = 2.36588236501e+2 // cm^3
const cgsm_fluid_ounce = 2.95735295626e+1 // cm^3
const cgsm_tablespoon = 1.47867647813e+1 // cm^3
const cgsm_teaspoon = 4.92892159375e+0 // cm^3
const cgsm_canadian_gallon = 4.54609e+3 // cm^3
const cgsm_uk_gallon = 4.546092e+3 // cm^3
const cgsm_miles_per_hour = 4.4704e+1 // cm / s
const cgsm_kilometers_per_hour = 2.77777777778e+1 // cm / s
const cgsm_knot = 5.14444444444e+1 // cm / s
const cgsm_pound_mass = 4.5359237e+2 // g
const cgsm_ounce_mass = 2.8349523125e+1 // g
const cgsm_ton = 9.0718474e+5 // g
const cgsm_metric_ton = 1e+6 // g
const cgsm_uk_ton = 1.0160469088e+6 // g
const cgsm_troy_ounce = 3.1103475e+1 // g
const cgsm_carat = 2e-1 // g
const cgsm_unified_atomic_mass = 1.660538782e-24 // g
const cgsm_gram_force = 9.80665e+2 // cm g / s^2
const cgsm_pound_force = 4.44822161526e+5 // cm g / s^2
const cgsm_kilopound_force = 4.44822161526e+8 // cm g / s^2
const cgsm_poundal = 1.38255e+4 // cm g / s^2
const cgsm_calorie = 4.1868e+7 // g cm^2 / s^2
const cgsm_btu = 1.05505585262e+10 // g cm^2 / s^2
const cgsm_therm = 1.05506e+15 // g cm^2 / s^2
const cgsm_horsepower = 7.457e+9 // g cm^2 / s^3
const cgsm_bar = 1e+6 // g / cm s^2
const cgsm_std_atmosphere = 1.01325e+6 // g / cm s^2
const cgsm_torr = 1.33322368421e+3 // g / cm s^2
const cgsm_meter_of_mercury = 1.33322368421e+6 // g / cm s^2
const cgsm_inch_of_mercury = 3.38638815789e+4 // g / cm s^2
const cgsm_inch_of_water = 2.490889e+3 // g / cm s^2
const cgsm_psi = 6.89475729317e+4 // g / cm s^2
const cgsm_poise = 1e+0 // g / cm s
const cgsm_stokes = 1e+0 // cm^2 / s
const cgsm_stilb = 1e+0 // cd / cm^2
const cgsm_lumen = 1e+0 // cd sr
const cgsm_lux = 1e-4 // cd sr / cm^2
const cgsm_phot = 1e+0 // cd sr / cm^2
const cgsm_footcandle = 1.076e-3 // cd sr / cm^2
const cgsm_lambert = 1e+0 // cd sr / cm^2
const cgsm_footlambert = 1.07639104e-3 // cd sr / cm^2
const cgsm_curie = 3.7e+10 // 1 / s
const cgsm_roentgen = 2.58e-8 // abamp s / g
const cgsm_rad = 1e+2 // cm^2 / s^2
const cgsm_solar_mass = 1.98892e+33 // g
const cgsm_bohr_radius = 5.291772083e-9 // cm
const cgsm_newton = 1e+5 // cm g / s^2
const cgsm_dyne = 1e+0 // cm g / s^2
const cgsm_joule = 1e+7 // g cm^2 / s^2
const cgsm_erg = 1e+0 // g cm^2 / s^2
const cgsm_stefan_boltzmann_constant = 5.67040047374e-5 // g / k^4 s^3
const cgsm_thomson_cross_section = 6.65245893699e-25 // cm^2
const cgsm_bohr_magneton = 9.27400899e-21 // abamp cm^2
const cgsm_nuclear_magneton = 5.05078317e-24 // abamp cm^2
const cgsm_electron_magnetic_moment = 9.28476362e-21 // abamp cm^2
const cgsm_proton_magnetic_moment = 1.410606633e-23 // abamp cm^2
const cgsm_faraday = 9.64853429775e+3 // abamp s / mol
const cgsm_electron_charge = 1.602176487e-20 // abamp s
const mksa_speed_of_light = 2.99792458e+8 // m / s
const mksa_gravitational_constant = 6.673e-11 // m^3 / kg s^2
const mksa_plancks_constant_h = 6.62606896e-34 // kg m^2 / s
const mksa_plancks_constant_hbar = 1.05457162825e-34 // kg m^2 / s
const mksa_astronomical_unit = 1.49597870691e+11 // m
const mksa_light_year = 9.46053620707e+15 // m
const mksa_parsec = 3.08567758135e+16 // m
const mksa_grav_accel = 9.80665e+0 // m / s^2
const mksa_electron_volt = 1.602176487e-19 // kg m^2 / s^2
const mksa_mass_electron = 9.10938188e-31 // kg
const mksa_mass_muon = 1.88353109e-28 // kg
const mksa_mass_proton = 1.67262158e-27 // kg
const mksa_mass_neutron = 1.67492716e-27 // kg
const mksa_rydberg = 2.17987196968e-18 // kg m^2 / s^2
const mksa_boltzmann = 1.3806504e-23 // kg m^2 / k s^2
const mksa_molar_gas = 8.314472e+0 // kg m^2 / k mol s^2
const mksa_standard_gas_volume = 2.2710981e-2 // m^3 / mol
const mksa_minute = 6e+1 // s
const mksa_hour = 3.6e+3 // s
const mksa_day = 8.64e+4 // s
const mksa_week = 6.048e+5 // s
const mksa_inch = 2.54e-2 // m
const mksa_foot = 3.048e-1 // m
const mksa_yard = 9.144e-1 // m
const mksa_mile = 1.609344e+3 // m
const mksa_nautical_mile = 1.852e+3 // m
const mksa_fathom = 1.8288e+0 // m
const mksa_mil = 2.54e-5 // m
const mksa_point = 3.52777777778e-4 // m
const mksa_texpoint = 3.51459803515e-4 // m
const mksa_micron = 1e-6 // m
const mksa_angstrom = 1e-10 // m
const mksa_hectare = 1e+4 // m^2
const mksa_acre = 4.04685642241e+3 // m^2
const mksa_barn = 1e-28 // m^2
const mksa_liter = 1e-3 // m^3
const mksa_us_gallon = 3.78541178402e-3 // m^3
const mksa_quart = 9.46352946004e-4 // m^3
const mksa_pint = 4.73176473002e-4 // m^3
const mksa_cup = 2.36588236501e-4 // m^3
const mksa_fluid_ounce = 2.95735295626e-5 // m^3
const mksa_tablespoon = 1.47867647813e-5 // m^3
const mksa_teaspoon = 4.92892159375e-6 // m^3
const mksa_canadian_gallon = 4.54609e-3 // m^3
const mksa_uk_gallon = 4.546092e-3 // m^3
const mksa_miles_per_hour = 4.4704e-1 // m / s
const mksa_kilometers_per_hour = 2.77777777778e-1 // m / s
const mksa_knot = 5.14444444444e-1 // m / s
const mksa_pound_mass = 4.5359237e-1 // kg
const mksa_ounce_mass = 2.8349523125e-2 // kg
const mksa_ton = 9.0718474e+2 // kg
const mksa_metric_ton = 1e+3 // kg
const mksa_uk_ton = 1.0160469088e+3 // kg
const mksa_troy_ounce = 3.1103475e-2 // kg
const mksa_carat = 2e-4 // kg
const mksa_unified_atomic_mass = 1.660538782e-27 // kg
const mksa_gram_force = 9.80665e-3 // kg m / s^2
const mksa_pound_force = 4.44822161526e+0 // kg m / s^2
const mksa_kilopound_force = 4.44822161526e+3 // kg m / s^2
const mksa_poundal = 1.38255e-1 // kg m / s^2
const mksa_calorie = 4.1868e+0 // kg m^2 / s^2
const mksa_btu = 1.05505585262e+3 // kg m^2 / s^2
const mksa_therm = 1.05506e+8 // kg m^2 / s^2
const mksa_horsepower = 7.457e+2 // kg m^2 / s^3
const mksa_bar = 1e+5 // kg / m s^2
const mksa_std_atmosphere = 1.01325e+5 // kg / m s^2
const mksa_torr = 1.33322368421e+2 // kg / m s^2
const mksa_meter_of_mercury = 1.33322368421e+5 // kg / m s^2
const mksa_inch_of_mercury = 3.38638815789e+3 // kg / m s^2
const mksa_inch_of_water = 2.490889e+2 // kg / m s^2
const mksa_psi = 6.89475729317e+3 // kg / m s^2
const mksa_poise = 1e-1 // kg m^-1 s^-1
const mksa_stokes = 1e-4 // m^2 / s
const mksa_stilb = 1e+4 // cd / m^2
const mksa_lumen = 1e+0 // cd sr
const mksa_lux = 1e+0 // cd sr / m^2
const mksa_phot = 1e+4 // cd sr / m^2
const mksa_footcandle = 1.076e+1 // cd sr / m^2
const mksa_lambert = 1e+4 // cd sr / m^2
const mksa_footlambert = 1.07639104e+1 // cd sr / m^2
const mksa_curie = 3.7e+10 // 1 / s
const mksa_roentgen = 2.58e-4 // a s / kg
const mksa_rad = 1e-2 // m^2 / s^2
const mksa_solar_mass = 1.98892e+30 // kg
const mksa_bohr_radius = 5.291772083e-11 // m
const mksa_newton = 1e+0 // kg m / s^2
const mksa_dyne = 1e-5 // kg m / s^2
const mksa_joule = 1e+0 // kg m^2 / s^2
const mksa_erg = 1e-7 // kg m^2 / s^2
const mksa_stefan_boltzmann_constant = 5.67040047374e-8 // kg / k^4 s^3
const mksa_thomson_cross_section = 6.65245893699e-29 // m^2
const mksa_bohr_magneton = 9.27400899e-24 // a m^2
const mksa_nuclear_magneton = 5.05078317e-27 // a m^2
const mksa_electron_magnetic_moment = 9.28476362e-24 // a m^2
const mksa_proton_magnetic_moment = 1.410606633e-26 // a m^2
const mksa_faraday = 9.64853429775e+4 // a s / mol
const mksa_electron_charge = 1.602176487e-19 // a s
const mksa_vacuum_permittivity = 8.854187817e-12 // a^2 s^4 / kg m^3
const mksa_vacuum_permeability = 1.25663706144e-6 // kg m / a^2 s^2
const mksa_debye = 3.33564095198e-30 // a s^2 / m^2
const mksa_gauss = 1e-4 // kg / a s^2